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ECCouncil Certified Ethical Hacker Exam (CEHv13) Sample Questions (Q439-Q444):

NEW QUESTION # 439
How can rainbow tables be defeated?

A. All uppercase character passwords
B. Use of non-dictionary words
C. Lockout accounts under brute force password cracking attempts
D. Password salting

Answer: D

Explanation:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)
A salt is random data that is used as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password, or passphrase. Salts are used to safeguard passwords in storage. Historically a password was stored in plaintext on a system, but over time additional safeguards were developed to protect a user's password against being read from the system. A salt is one of those methods.
A new salt is randomly generated for each password. In a typical setting, the salt and the password (or its version after key stretching) are concatenated and processed with a cryptographic hash function, and the output hash value (but not the original password) is stored with the salt in a database. Hashing allows for later authentication without keeping and therefore risking exposure of the plaintext password in the event that the authentication data store is compromised.
Salts defend against a pre-computed hash attack, e.g. rainbow tables. Since salts do not have to be memorized by humans they can make the size of the hash table required for a successful attack prohibitively large without placing a burden on the users. Since salts are different in each case, they also protect commonly used passwords, or those users who use the same password on several sites, by making all salted hash instances for the same password different from each other.

NEW QUESTION # 440
In your cybersecurity class, you are learning about common security risks associated with web servers. One topic that comes up is the risk posed by using default server settings. Why is using default settings ona web - server considered a security risk, and what would be the best initial step to mitigate this risk?

A. Default settings enable auto-updates; disable and manually patch
B. Default settings reveal server software type; change these settings
C. Default settings cause server malfunctions; simplify the settings
D. Default settings allow unlimited login attempts; setup account lockout

Answer: B

Explanation:
Using default settings on a web server is considered a security risk because it can reveal the server software type and version, which can help attackers identify potential vulnerabilities and launch targeted attacks. For example, if the default settings include a server signature that displays the name and version of the web server software, such as Apache 2.4.46, an attacker can search for known exploits or bugs that affect that specific software and version. Additionally, default settings may also include other insecure configurations, such as weak passwords, unnecessary services, or open ports, that can expose the web server to unauthorized access or compromise.
The best initial step to mitigate this risk is to change the default settings to hide or obscure the server software type and version, as well as to disable or remove any unnecessary or insecure features. For example, to hide the server signature, one can modify the ServerTokens and ServerSignature directives in the Apache configuration file1. Alternatively, one can use a web application firewall or a reverse proxy to mask the server information from the client requests2. Changing the default settings can reduce the attack surface and make it harder for attackers to exploit the web server.
References:
* How to Hide Apache Version Number and Other Sensitive Info
* How to hide server information from HTTP headers? - Stack Overflow

NEW QUESTION # 441
This wireless security protocol allows 192-bit minimum-strength security protocols and cryptographic tools to protect sensitive data, such as GCMP-2S6. MMAC-SHA384, and ECDSA using a 384-bit elliptic curve.
Which is this wireless security protocol?

A. WPA3-Personal
B. WPA2 Personal
C. WPA3-Enterprise
D. WPA2-Enterprise

Answer: C

Explanation:
Enterprise, governments, and financial institutions have greater security with WPA3-Enterprise. WPA3- Enterprise builds upon WPA2 and ensures the consistent application of security protocol across the network.
WPA3-Enterprise also offers an optional mode using 192-bit minimum-strength security protocols and cryptographic tools to raised protect sensitive data:* Authenticated encryption: 256-bit Galois/Counter Mode Protocol (GCMP-256)* Key derivation and confirmation: 384-bit Hashed Message Authentication Mode (HMAC) with Secure Hash Algorithm (HMAC-SHA384)* Key establishment and authentication: Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) exchange and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) employing a 384-bit elliptic curve* Robust management frame protection: 256-bit Broadcast/Multicast Integrity Protocol Galois Message Authentication Code (BIP-GMAC-256)The 192-bit security mode offered by WPA3-Enterprise ensures the proper combination of cryptographic tools are used and sets a uniform baseline of security within a WPA3 network.
It protects sensitive data using many cryptographic algorithms It provides authenticated encryption using GCMP-256 It uses HMAC-SHA-384 to generate cryptographic keys It uses ECDSA-384 for exchanging keys

NEW QUESTION # 442
Bob wants to ensure that Alice can check whether his message has been tampered with. He creates a checksum of the message and encrypts it using asymmetric cryptography. What key does Bob use to encrypt the checksum for accomplishing this goal?

A. His own public key
B. Alice's public key
C. Alice's private key
D. His own private key

Answer: D

Explanation:
Bob wants Alice to verify that the message hasn't been tampered with. This is a use case for ensuring data integrity and authenticity. The process described matches the creation of a digital signature:
* Bob computes a checksum (typically a cryptographic hash) of the message.
* Then, he encrypts this checksum (hash) using his own private key.
* Alice receives the message and decrypts the checksum using Bob's public key.
* If the decrypted checksum matches the hash she computes from the received message, she confirms the message's integrity and authenticity.
This is a fundamental principle of digital signatures.
Incorrect Options:
* A. Alice's private key is never used by others; it's confidential.
* B. Encrypting with Alice's public key ensures confidentiality, not authenticity.
* D. Bob's public key is used by the receiver to verify authenticity, not for encryption in this context.
Reference - CEH v13 Official Courseware:
* Module 20: Cryptography
* Section: "Digital Signatures"
* Subsection: "Using Private Keys to Sign and Public Keys to Verify"
* CEH Engage Lab: Email Signing and Verification

NEW QUESTION # 443
Chandler works as a pen-tester in an IT-firm in New York. As a part of detecting viruses in the systems, he uses a detection method where the anti-virus executes the malicious codes on a virtual machine to simulate CPU and memory activities. Which type of virus detection method did Chandler use in this context?

A. Scanning
B. Heuristic Analysis
C. Integrity checking
D. Code Emulation

Answer: D

NEW QUESTION # 444
......

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